• Outcome

• Increase and diversification of incomes

Increased household income from the promoted IGAs indicates efficient application of business skills and investment, proxy for improved food and livelihood security and reduced vulnerability. - Includes any type of agro based, non-agro based, or service based income generating activity, can include market chain support, value addition or transformation etc. - Includes group and individual income generating activities for contribution to household economy. The total amount of income, in monetary terms, from a specific IGA/micro enterprise/employment) To see whether an individual household member is better off before or after an intervention, as measured in terms of their income.

Geography/Livelihoods zone; Head of household’s gender, age, disabilities, chronic diseases, dependency ratio, and any other relevant criteria, such as urban/rural context, religious, ethnic or political identities; Wealth groups; Livelihoods group (e.g. pastoralist, farmers, traders); Period to achieve the objective;

• Increase (number)

Both secondary and primary data collection can be used according to context. Baseline/Endline. If multiyear programme depending on comparison requirements between lean season and other seasons, consider an interim reporting/evaluation; Secondary data. Reliable/relevant sources from other actors, clusters or government. Data Collection methods: Secondary data analysis; Households Survey, Focus Group Discussion; IGA/micro enterprise/employment reports

• Income Generation Activities and Employment

> Change of household weekly/monthly/annual household income created by the promoted IGA relative to baseline > Change of proportion of IGA created income of overall household income relative to baseline - Needs to consider linkages with income sources and expenditure pattern indicators - Needs to consider household wealth group differences for the establishment of changes of income proportions - Proportional piling and ranking are good methods to support definition of change of income, as well as proportions This is an ideal indicator (as it is more comprehensive than expenditure for instance), however, as it is very difficult to measure and unless we have a means of calculating this very carefully it is suggested to be more specific in terms of what is stated, such as household income from wage labour or household income from sale of agricultural products. Measuring household income has proved very problematic and un reliable with respondents very reluctant to reflect accurately their incomes for fear of this leading to increased taxation or alternative demands on the use of their cash (such as school or health fees), Also as no individual member of the Households will have a complete accurate record of everybody's income, total household income is usually an estimation by one household member Also as this indicator often has been measured for a non-permanently salaried group, it was necessary to record income on an annual basis to take account of seasonal fluctuations in income (after harvest in agricultural households, times of peak labour demand for labour households). It has proved difficult to gain accurate information relying on such a long recall period. Thus it has been decided to focus on income from target source. The assumption is that if income from one particular source increases, total household income increase, due to an underlying assumption that income from other sources remains constant.